Over 1 000 HIV-1 genomes produced in record time in SA to understand how drug resistance has developed to a new and potent antiretroviral treatment
In 2019, the World Health Organization began to recommend Dolutegravir as the preferred first-line treatment for HIV in most populations in the world. Dolutegravir was dubbed a 'wonder drug' because it was safe, potent and cost-effective and scientists had seen no drug resistance against it in clinical trials. However, there is little data on the success of Dolutegravir against circulating strains of HIV in Africa.
In a study published on World AIDS Day, 1 December 2020, in Nature Communications, an international team of researchers from South Africa, the UK and the USA examined the genetic code of over 1 000 HIV genomes to determine if drug resistance mutations in 874 volunteers living with HIV affected their treatment success. The individuals were enrolled in a clinical trial for people initiating HIV treatment to compare two drug regimens: Efavirenz, an NNRTI and prior first-line therapy in the region, and Dolutegravir.
As part of this study, scientists from the KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP) at the University of KwaZulu-Natal worked day and night to produce over 1 000 virus genomes in a few weeks. “We were very excited to be a part of this project as it focused on answering one of the most important questions on anti-viral drug resistance in South Africa and the world," said Professor Tulio de Oliveira, Director of KRISP.
Professor Ravi Gupta from the Department of Medicine at the University of Cambridge, who was part of the study, said: "These results are a huge concern. Dolutegravir was very much seen as a 'wonder drug', but our study suggests it might not be as effective in a significant number of patients who are resistant to another important class of antiretroviral drugs."
The study showcased the capacity and expertise of local, high-throughput genomic research facilities, such as KRISP, to quickly produce and analyse the data needed to answer such important questions in the fight against the HIV epidemic.
“This is one of the first times that such a large amount of data has been produced and analysed in such a short space of time on the African continent,” said Professor de Oliveira. “The South African government has invested millions of rands to upscale genomic research and infrastructure in the country. It is great to see this investment starting to bear fruit,” he added.
The goal of this study was to determine whether drug resistance to a previous therapy prior to starting treatment affected treatment success (suppression of the virus in the blood) over the first two years of therapy with both of these two regimens.
As expected, the presence of drug resistance substantially reduced the chances of treatment success in people taking Efavirenz, as a previous therapy. The trial showed that successfully suppressing the virus over 96 weeks in 65% of participants compared to 85% of non-resistant individuals. However, unexpectedly, the same pattern was true for individuals taking Dolutegravir-based treatments: 66% of those with Efavirenz resistance mutations remained suppressed over 96 weeks compared to 84% of those without the mutations. These relationships held true after accounting for other factors, such as treatment adherence.
"We fully expected Efavirenz to be less effective among patients’ HIV strains resistant to NNRTIs," said Dr Mark Siedner, faculty member at the Africa Health Research Institute in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa and Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston, Massachusetts. "What took us completely by surprise was that Dolutegravir, a different class of drug, which is generally effective in the face of drug resistance, would also be less effective in people with these resistant strains.
"We are working now to tease out if this was due to the virus or the participants; for instance, if people with resistance are less likely to take their pills regularly. Either way, if this pattern holds true, it could have far-reaching impacts on our predictions of long-term treatment control for millions of people taking Dolutegravir in the region."
In addition to HIV-1, the genomic infrastructure at KRISP at UKZN is also being used to other pathogens that affect Africa, such as Hepatitis B and C and COVID-19. KRISP also used its genomics surveillance infrastructure produce thousands of SARS-CoV-2 genomes. This genomics surveillance in Africa is proving to be very useful in understanding the effectiveness of therapies and vaccines to many viral infections. A recent programme with the Africa CDC is injecting 100 million dollars to make genomics surveillance part of routine virus response in Africa.
References:
1. Siedner MJ, Moorhouse MA, Simmons B, de Oliveira T, Lessells R, Giandhari J, Kemp SA, Chimukangara B, Akpomiemie G, Serenata Cm, Venter WDF, HillA, Gupta RK, Reduced efficacy of HIV-1 integrase inhibitors in patients with drug resistance mutations in reverse transcriptase. Nature Communications (2020), https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-19801-x:
2. Tessema SK, Inzaule SC, Christoffels A, Kebede Y, de Oliveira T, Ouma AEO, Happi CT, Nkengasong JN, Accelerating genomics-based surveillance for COVID-19 response in Africa. Lancet Microbe (2020), https://doi.org/10.1016/S2666-5247(20)30117-8:.
#Note: This research project was a collaboration between the Wits Health Consortium, the Africa Health Research Institute (AHRI), the KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP) at Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine at UKZN, Cambridge University, Harvard University and the Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH). KRISP has produced all of the genomes in South Africa. KRISP is funded by the Technology Innovation Agency, the South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC), the DIPLOMICS initiative of the Department of Science and Innovation (DSI) and many international funders.
For more information, please contact:
Prof Tulio de Oliveira
([email protected] – 082 962 4219)
or Paul Harris
([email protected] - +27 82 806 6290)